Most bread is vegan, I know, but if you are also avoiding gluten, maize and yeast then things can get tricky. Gluten-free options available to buy in supermarkets often contain maize and recipes often include eggs.

Over the years, we have tried a plethora of bread recipes, most of which we haven’t cared to repeat. A few options have become real favourites though, so today I’d like to share those with you.

1. Adventure Bread by Josey Baker

This bread makes no attempt to imitate wheat loaves but is deliciously unique. It is very dense and not really suitable for making a sandwich with, but it’s lovely spread with hummus or guacamole. It also goes really well with soups.

You can find the recipe online here and it is also printed in his book, Josey Baker Bread.

The only tip I have to add is that the ‘flax seeds’ that the recipe calls for are also known as linseeds and, whichever name is on the packet, they must be whole seeds, not milled.

2. Sweet Potato Flatbread by Brittany Jaroudi

With just 2 ingredients, this flatbread couldn’t be easier to make. We do like to add some dried herbs to the mix though. We add ½ tsp each of thyme, rosemary, oregano, sage and Himalayan pink salt.

3. Red Lentil Flatbread

This is another option that we love to eat with soup. To make this flatbread, I either buy organic red lentil flour, or make my own by blending organic red lentils in my NutriBullet.

Ingredients:
2 to 3 tbs olive oil
96g red lentil flour
2 tbs ground flaxseeds
240ml water

Method:
1. Preheat oven to 180 degrees Celsius.
2. Grease a medium rectangle pan or baking dish (approximately 20cm x 20cm) with olive oil and place in heated oven.
3. Add remaining ingredients in a blender and blend until well combined. It should resemble a thick but pourable pancake mix.
4. Pour mix into the hot and pre-heated dish. Bake for 25-30 minutes or until the bread forms a golden crust.

Did you know that what we eat can have a huge impact on our mood?

I’ve read that diet is unlikely to be the sole cause of depression, but it is believed that deficiencies of vitamins, minerals, amino acids and fatty acids can certainly play a part.

So, how can we change our diet to boost our emotional wellbeing?

A great place to start is a super little booklet published by The Mental Health Foundation for anyone who wishes to protect their mental health through healthy eating. It is particularly relevant for people recovering from mild or moderate depression and suggests how changes to the diet can help improve mood. Download ‘Healthy Eating and Depression: How diet may help protect your mental health’ as a free PDF document here.

The Happy Hormones: Serotonin, Dopamine & Endorphins

Serotonin

“Serotonin is a brain chemical believed to promote calmness and ease depression. Foods themselves don’t contain serotonin but what you eat may be able to tip the balance in favour of increased serotonin production in the brain.” – Daily Mail

Dopamine

“Low dopamine levels can lead to lack of motivation, fatigue, addictive behavior, mood swings and memory loss… The dopamine consumed in food doesn’t cross the blood–brain barrier and so has no impact on your brain… Dopamine is made from the amino acid l-tyrosine which is commonly found in protein-rich foods. Eating a diet high in l-tyrosine can help ensure you’ve got the basic building blocks needed for dopamine synthesis.” – Be Brain Fit

Endorphins

“When you exercise, your body releases chemicals called endorphins. These endorphins interact with the receptors in your brain that reduce your perception of pain. Endorphins also trigger a positive feeling in the body, similar to that of morphine. For example, the feeling that follows a run or workout is often described as “euphoric.” That feeling, known as a “runner’s high,” can be accompanied by a positive and energizing outlook on life.” – WedMD

“Although no food products contain whole endorphins for easy consumption, several endorphin-stimulating foods boast high levels of the vitamins and minerals that play a large part in boosting your brain’s production like vitamin B12, vitamin C, zinc, potassium, and iron.” – Popsugar

Foods to Include

Brazil Nuts – “Studies have linked depression with low levels of the mineral selenium. The recommended daily amount is 0.075mg for men, and 0.06mg for women… The easiest way to dose-up is to grab a handful of nuts. Brazil nuts are a super selenium source, with 0.02mg – that’s a third of a woman’s RDA – in each little nut.” – Independent

Papaya – “Papaya can quickly lift you or a loved one out of grouchiness. Keep it on hand to share when feelings of crankiness, crabbiness, or impatience creep in. Papaya breathes light into everyone who consumes it, casting out negativity and darkness, purging old judgment, resentment, and stored-up frustration.” – Life Changing Foods by Anthony William

(By the way, his book Medical Medium is an absolute MUST-read!)

Bananas – Bananas provide tryptophan and vitamin B6 – nutrients that can help your body to fight the symptoms of depression. Tryptophan is an amino acid which is the only normal dietary raw material for serotonin synthesis in the brain. Vitamin B6 is needed by your body in order to manufacture serotonin from tryptophan.

Sweet Potatoes – Sweet potatoes are also high in vitamin B6. Plus, they are “…loaded with beta-carotene, a fat-soluble, brain-protecting antioxidant the body uses to manufacture vitamin A. This vitamin promotes the enzymes that create mood-regulating neurotransmitters like dopamine.” – Rodale’s Organic Life

Chillies & Ginger – Capsaicin (which is found in chillies, cayenne pepper and fresh ginger root) stimulates the production of endorphins.

Blueberries – Blueberries have the highest antioxidant content of all fruits and are also rich in vitamin C. These nutrients regulate cortisol levels and lower blood pressure, thus reducing stress levels and anxiety. Consistently high stress levels have been shown to play a major role in depression. Antioxidants also help to prevent and repair oxidation damage and inflammation at a cellular level. This is important since research shows a clear link between chronic inflammation and depression.

Apples – Like blueberries, apples are also high in antioxidants. They are also full of soluble fiber, which balances blood sugar and helps prevent mood swings.

Raw Sauerkraut – Raw Sauerkraut is a probiotic-rich fermented food. Probiotics are often described as ‘friendly’ bacteria and they help to restore the natural balance of bacteria in your gut. Why is this important? Because research has shown that the health of your intestinal flora impacts your production of neurotransmitters. An overabundance of bad bacteria leaves toxic byproducts which destroy the brain cells that make dopamine. Plus, it is the nerve cells in our gut that manufacture 80 to 90 percent of our body’s serotonin, making our intestinal health even more important.

Okra – “This often-overlooked vegetable is a treasure trove of neuroprotective, antidepressant compounds. Full of soluble as well as insoluble fiber, okra feeds “good” gut bacteria, which researchers increasingly believe influence mood, motivation, higher cognitive functions, and overall brain health. A 2011 study also suggested gut microbiotics could alleviate stress-related disorders.” – Delicious Living

Walnuts – “Walnuts are one of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, and numerous studies have demonstrated how omega-3 fatty acids support brain function and reduce depression symptoms. A study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry is especially interesting. The lead authors ask the question, “Why is the vast part biological research — from genetics to psychopharmacology — concentrated on neurotransmitters, when the mammalian brain is approximately 80 percent fat (lipids), and there is a growing body of research demonstrating the critical role of lipids in brain functioning?”” – Everyday Health

“The Mental Health Foundation recommends walnuts for their omega 3 oils, powerful mood boosters that increase serotonin levels. They also contain folic acid, which is similarly beneficial, and zinc, which is a brilliant defence against stress.” – Telegraph

(Flaxseeds, hemp seeds, and chia seeds are also rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Plus, flaxseed’s natural phytoestrogens have also been shown to reverse depressive behaviour.)

Avocado – The humble avocado is a depression-fighting superfood. It contains more folate per ounce than any other fruit, along with omega-3 fatty acids AND tryptophan. Folic acid can prevent excess homocysteine formation, which is important since homocysteine restricts the production of serotonin and dopamine.

Tomatoes – Tomatoes also contain folic acid, as well as alpha-lipoic acid which helps to improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar levels, which stabilizes the mood. “Japanese researchers showed that eating tomato products two to six times a week cut the risk of depression in the elderly by 46 percent compared with those who ate them less than once a week. Those who ate tomatoes daily reduced depression risk by 52 percent. Other fruit and vegetables did not show the same effect.” – Best Health

Complex Carbohydrates – “There is considerable evidence that carbohydrates raise plasma levels of serotonin and are likely to increase serotonin in the brain. The problem with eating excessive simple carbs is that it is a poor long-term health strategy and only provides short-term serotonin increases. Consume complex carbohydrates for a more sustained release of serotonin without causing a drastic insulin spike.” – Mental Health Daily

Fava Beans – Fava beans, also called broad beans, are one of the few foods that contain the amino acid l-dopa, a direct precursor to dopamine.

Mushrooms – Mushrooms contain beta-glucans, a form of soluble dietary fiber, which improve blood sugar and insulin regulation, thus helping to prevent mood swings. They also help to promote healthy gut bacteria, and we’ve already learnt how important that is for fighting depression!

Kale – Kale provides alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) – an omega-3 fatty acid – along with anti-inflammatory vitamin K.

(Incidentally, dark leafy greens (like kale and spinach) are the first of the G-BOMBS (greens, beans, onions, mushrooms, berries, seeds) that Dr. Joel Fuhrman describes in his book The End of Dieting. These are the foods with the most powerful immune-boosting and anticancer effects.)

Regardless of whether you are a vegan, a vegetarian or a meat eater, you are better off getting your omega-3s from healthy plant-based sources. Here’s why…

All the world’s oceans and rivers are contaminated with toxic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and mercury. These toxins build up in fatty fish and may cancel out any beneficial effects of the omega-3s they contain. Farmed fish are not the answer since this unnatural method of rearing fish relies on a processed diet and as a result farmed fish have a lower omega-3 content than their wild counterparts. Farmed fish also contain more toxins due to the use of antibiotics and other harmful agents to prevent the spread of disease.

The Government has issued warnings to young people, pregnant and breast-feeding women, and those who may become pregnant one day, to limit how much oily fish they eat because these fish contain high levels of mercury. More recently, the Government has extended its warnings on dioxins and PCBs to include non-oily fish. You are better off getting omega-3s from healthy plant-based sources which are not laced with toxic pollutants. This benefits the environment too since plant-based sources of omega-3s are sustainable whereas fish are not.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

The omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is the precursor or “parent” to the two vital long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA comes from seeds such as flax (linseed), hemp and pumpkin, and from nuts such as walnuts. However, nuts and seeds do not contain EPA and DHA and there are many factors that can hinder the body’s ability to convert ALA into EPA and DHA. Fish obtain their EPA and DHA from the algae they eat but we can, of course, miss out the “middle man” and eat the algae ourselves!

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommends an ALA intake of 2g per day, and the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids (ISSFAL) recommend a minimum intake of EPA and DHA combined of 500mg per day.

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

The omega-6 “parent” fatty acid is called linoleic acid (LA) and is found in seeds such as hemp, flax (linseed), sunflower and sesame as well as in nuts. This is converted by the body into gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which is also found in borage, evening primrose and black currant seed oils. GLA is well known for its anti-inflammatory properties and use in female hormone balance.

The EFSA recommends an LA intake of 10g per day, and the generally recommended intake of GLA varies between 320mg and 2800mg per day.

My Favourite Smoothie Recipe

This smoothie was my breakfast most mornings, until I discovered Anthony William (a.k.a. Medical Medium). Now his ‘Heavy Metal Detox Smoothie’ is my breakfast and this smoothie makes a delicious dessert instead, which is great because how many other desserts are this healthy?

I like to use organic ingredients, where at all possible, but of course simply do your best with what is available.

So, to make the smoothie, simply add the following to your NutriBullet:

1 banana
½ avocado
½ mango (Optional. It tastes great without the mango too.)
30g of Linwoods’ Milled Flaxseed, Almonds, Brazil Nuts, Walnuts & Co-Enzyme Q10
15ml of Viridian’s 100% Organic Hemp Seed Oil
4 Brazil nut
3 walnut halves
2 tsp chia seeds
1 tbsp pumpkin seeds
1 tsp raw cacao powder
1 tsp almond butter
¾ cup coconut water

Blend until smooth… and enjoy!